Motivation of Workers in the Construction Industry

INSTITUTION: KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI DEPARTMENT: BUILDINGTECHNOLOGY NAME: PHILIP QUAQUE AHIABOR PROGRAMME: QSCE 4 RESEARCH TOPIC: MOTIVATION OF WORKERS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN GHANA (CASE STUDY: SELECTED CONSTRUCTION FIRMS IN GREATER ACCRA REGION) CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Motivation is the set of reasons that encourages one to engage in a particular behaviour. The term is generally used for human motivation but, it can be used to describe the causes for animal behaviour as well. According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in the basic need to minimize physical pain and pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desire object, hobby, goal, state of†¦show more content†¦Whether it to excel on the workshop floor or in the ‘ivory tower ‘ they must be motivated or driven to it, either by themselves or through external stimulus (Military Leadership, 1993). According to Shun (2004), management is often frustrated by lack of motivation generated by the end of the year bonuses. Foremen, who form part of worker strength, are often unable to motivate the average craftsman today (Business Roundtable, 1989). There is therefore the need for craftsmen and other subordinates to be motivated by providing them with the right conditions and opportunity. A correlation exists between worker motivation and performance; therefore there is the need for workers to always feel motivated in order to increase performance. It is believed that if organizations stop paying lip services to the issue of motivation, workers will work diligently in attaining set targets and objectives and cases such as lateness, absenteeism, laziness, negligence and pilfering on the part of workers will be eradicated (Huitt, 2004). 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this research is to look into the problem relating to motivation in the construction companies in Ghana. The objectives of the above study include: * To investigate into how workers are motivated. * To identify the impact of motivation in the construction industry. * To identify the impact motivation has on individual workers. * To suggest possible solutions toShow MoreRelatedHow Happiness Can Improve Productivity788 Words   |  3 Pagesrather expect that happiness will reduce the motivation to seek improvement and make them passive and dull. Comparing with other organization, construction industry has the highest need of human resources for all hierarchical levels. It is one of the largest global employment sectors, providing work for a significant proportion of the labour market and accounting for a significant share of the world domestic product (GDP) (Martin et al., 2003). Construction projects has many challenges such as theRead MoreEssay on Insight on the Motivation of Workers596 Words   |  3 PagesMotivation has always been a subject of much research over the last fifty years however there have been many definitions and theories describing and analysing motivation but the research is never complete. Right from Robert Owen who described human beings to be like machines that need care and maintenance to work efficiently till Drucker (1999) who described them as the knowledge workers of the 21st century with different needs and therefore on what it is required I would like to elaborate on theRead MoreThe Maslow s H ierarchy Of Needs Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pagescompany demands strong motivation, stupendous leadership and great understanding between workers. Leaders need to create willingness amongst the employees to operate at their highest potential; this willingness is referred to as motivation. 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In many countries, labour cost comprises 30 to 50% of the overall project’s cost (Yates and Guhathakurta, 1993), and thus is regarded as a true reflection of the economic success. Because construction is labour-intensive industry, significance of this effect not only justifies the concern over its labour productivity, but it can also be argued that labour power is the only productive resource. There are

Racism is defined by merriam-webster.com as ‘1. A belief...

Racism is defined by merriam-webster.com as ‘1. A belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. 2. Racial prejudice or discrimination.’ Racism exists among all races and ethnicities, but most prominently between whites and blacks. The most basic cause of racism begins with the idea that there is something different between different ethnicities. Though that thought is illogical, it is one that seems inevitable. The amount of hatred one can hold against another because of the difference in their skin pigmentation is uncanny. There are an uncountable amount of sources on racism to be found just by merely looking on the internet. In†¦show more content†¦There were numerous racist comments made when President Obama decided to run, even attempts to try and falsely accuse him of not being of American dissent. Blacks were once slaves and treated no better tha n dos, and the thought of having a black man as the leader of the free world was one that metaphorically knocked some whites out of their seats. Unfortunately racism does not only exist amongst whites and blacks but amongst the black community itself. Because the main reason for racism and segregation is to separate oneself from â€Å"lower† class or those who are â€Å"less† the black community has done the same within itself. â€Å"She had explained to him the difference between colored people and niggers. They were easily identifiable. Colored people were neat and quiet; niggers were dirty and loud.† (Morrison 87). Black people separated themselves from each other. After being told they weren’t as good as white people they took their anger out on other black people, rather than banding together and uniting to support each other. Those people find that to make themselves better, superior to others they must make those others feel inferior, and to do this they separate themselves. â€Å"Black e mo. Black e mo. Yedaddsleepsnekked. Black e mo black e mo ya dadd sleeps nekked black e mo †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Morrison 65). Name calling and inhuman treatment towards blacks are the most obvious signs of racism. â€Å"The nearlyShow MoreRelatedMass Media in Malaysia5539 Words   |  23 PagesIntroduction Mass media is defined as print and electronic means of communication that transmit information to widespread audiences (Schaefer, 2012). Examples of print mass media included newspapers, magazines, booklets and brochures, house magazines, periodicals or newsletters, direct mailers, handbills or flyers, billboards, press releases, and books. While examples of electronic mass media are television, radio, computers, and smartphones. The past of mass media is extensive and complex. It stretches

Union Movement in Late 19th Century Free Essays

During 1870 through 1900 workers joined together; responding to the power of their employers caused by the growth of industrialization. The worker did not always have the luxury of leaving after eight hours of work, the right to representation, or the even the right to work in a safe environment. The working people of nineteenth century America had to unite in struggle to achieve the gains that are often taken selfishly and taken for granted today. We will write a custom essay sample on Union Movement in Late 19th Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now There were many successes and failures in organized labor; the successes were often obtained through the loss of the worker, often through lost wages, jobs, or even death. The organization structure of the union during 1870 through 1900 went through different cycles and strategies to achieve what they wanted. One of the first effective regional organized unions was the Knights of Labor formed in 1869. The knights took in not only skilled workers but also any worker that could be truly classified as a producer. The knights took their peek in 1885 when strikes against Union Pacific, Southwest System, and Wabash railroads attracted public sympathy and succeeded in preventing a reduction in wages, at this time they boasted a membership of 700,000. 1886 was a troubled year for labor relations. There were nearly 1,600 strikes involving 600,000 workers, with the eight-hour day being the important item for all of the strikes. Failure of some of the strikes and internal conflicts between the skilled workers and the unskilled led to a decline in the Knights popularity and influence. Another organization called the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions created a constitution that other unions could adhere to. This constitution met in Pittsburgh on Nov. 15 1881 and was created by representatives of the cigar makers, the printers, the merchant seamen, steel workers, carpenters and local units of the Knights of Labor. One of the most important items in the constitution created by the FOTLU recommended that the legal eight-hour work day be an objective for every union to achieve. The FOTLU thus accelerated a strong national push for a shorter work week. The AFL grew from 140,000 in 1886 to nearly on million by 1900. With these strengths in numbers they often preferred striking over political action. The struggle for workers rights, wage increases and protests against wage cuts were often unsuccessful resulting in violence and death. Chicago workers were agitating for the eight-hour work day for months. On May 1st and 2nd 1886 were eighty thousand workers went on strike, bringing most of Chicago†s manufacturing to a standstill. On May 3rd a fight between hundreds of strikers and non-union replacements broke out. Chicago police quickly moved in to restore order, leaving four unionists dead and many wounded. Angered by the deadly force of the police a group of anarchists called on workers to arm themselves and participate in the massive protest demonstration in Haymarket Square on May 4. Only 3,000 members assembled and started out peacefully until late evening when someone still not known to this day threw a bomb that killed seven policemen and injured 67 others. Even though no evidence was ever found about who threw the bomb four anarchists were found guilty and sentenced to death. Ever since the Haymarket square symbolized for radicals and trade unionists everywhere the injustice of a capitalistic society but also associated negatively unions as un-American, criminalistic, and violent. Many other activists died or received injuries for their cause all around the country. In July of 1877 strike riots halted the movement of U. S. railroads. After a few weeks of shutting down most of countries railroad system federal troops were sent in to try to end the nationwide strike. This resulted in more violence and death; in Chicago for example federal troops killed 30 workers and wounded over 100. On June 14, 1877 in Pennsylvania ten coal-mining activists were hanged. October 1887 the Louisiana militia shot 35 unarmed black sugar workers striking to gain a dollar-per-day wage and lynched two strike leaders. 1894 federal troops killed 34 American Railway Union members in Chicago attempting to break a strike. July 1892 three hundred Pinkerton guards helped introduce scabs into the workplace by opening fire on striking Carnegie mill steel workers, this resulted in the death of seven guards and eleven strikers. The idea of demonstrations was often to get the attention of management to show that they mean business and can†t be pushed around so easily. New York garment workers won the right to unionize after a seven-month strike. They secured agreements for a closed shop, and firing of all scabs. Striking miners in Idaho dynamited the Frisco Mill. Leaving it to ruins, getting the attention they wanted. The popularity and growth of unions everywhere showed companies that they are not going to walk over their workers as easily as they did in the past. Although union demonstrations resulted in workers being injured, dead or fired they set the way for unions in the future to be successful in their endeavors. These demonstrations were successful in the fact that they showed management and companies that the American worker can unite and be heard as one voice rather than a mass of passive workers that would take any injustice given to them. It is to these unions that we owe many of the benefits and rights we see and use today, such as fighting injustices such as biases and discrimination, winning the right to representation and collective bargaining, and the right for education for every child. How to cite Union Movement in Late 19th Century, Essay examples

Keystone XL Pipeline Essay Sample free essay sample

The Keystone XL Pipeline system is used for transporting oil from the Athabasca oil littorals in Alberta Canada to the United States. There are four different stages of this grapevine. Phases one and two are already complete. The first stage of the grapevine starts at the Keystone Hardisty Terminal in Canada and Michigans at Wood River and Patoka. Illinois. and so phase two starts in Steele City. Nebraska and stretches down to Cushing. Oklahoma. The completed grapevine is over 2000 stat mis long. Then you have phase three that would transport the oil to Nederland. Texas and Houston. Texas. Phase four is would get down in Alberta. Canada and run through Montana and South Dakota and articulation with the bing grapevine in Steele City. Nebraska ( Keystone XL Pipeline Project ) . The oil will be transported to oil refineries located in Illinois. Oklahoma and The Gulf Coast of Texas. There are two current grapevines coming from Alberta. We will write a custom essay sample on Keystone XL Pipeline Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Canada to the United States. Keystone stage one was wholly built in 2010 and set in approximately 1900 mile grapevine from Hardisty. Alberta. Canada to America’s Midwest and is linking about 35 100 barrels of oil per twenty-four hours to Illinois. Keystone phase two was built in 2011 added 300 stat mis to Oklahoma increasing to 590. 000 barrels of oil per twenty-four hours. TransCanada is already looking into the hereafter with Keystone stage three trusting to be built off the Gulf Coast increasing to 1. 1 million barrels of oil per twenty-four hours. Like all other grapevines. the undertaking must procure licenses. land rights and other commercial contracts in the United States and Canada to continue. The oil brought into the United States from the Athabasca oil littorals is bitumen and demands to be exhaustively cleaned. which means firing it at a high temperature. and this will take to air pollution and higher nursery emanations. Environmental organisations have been buttonholing against the grapevine due to the possible negative impact it can hold on air. H2O and wildlife. President Obama postponed any determination until 2013 ( Confronting Keystone Again ) . The 4th stage of the grapevine has many different proposed waies as one way has the grapevine traveling through the Ogallala aquifer ( Environmental Impact Of The Keystone XL Project ) . An oil spill in that country could pollute the full H2O reservoir. It is said that Canadian and American people can non hold on the same thing. but the Keystone XL Pipeline Project has made that statement incorrect. As of today some Americans and Canadians have to the full committed to the building of the Pipeline from Hardisty. Alberta to Steele City. Nebraska. Although both sides of the lodger agree to the fullest on the grapevine ; the president of the United States of America does non hold. TransCanada who is the lead manufacturer of the grapevine has applied for a Presidential Permit. which is required as the grapevine will traverse the Canada/U. S. boundary line. in the yesteryear which in 2010 was passed as the same in 2011. but now in 2012 it has been declined. TransCanada has re-applied on M ay 4th 2012 and is expecting blessing within the first one-fourth of 2013 ( Keystone XL Pipeline Project ) . Those who are in support of this grapevine have many grounds they have come up with to demo why everyone else should besides back up this grapevine. Today. about half of the oil used in The United States is imported for foreign states and will increase as we use up domestic resources. Reducing our dependence foreign oil would assist excite the economic system. cut down of all time increasing oil monetary values and our duty in the Middle East would be lessened. Although lessen America’s dependance on foreign oil is impossible unless everyone uses less and seeks other signifiers of renewable resources. The undertaking will make 20. 000 high pay occupations and 118. 000 spin off occupations from the building. I do hold that we need more occupations and building is one manner to make more occupations. but there are other things that could be built that will non merely make building occupations. but besides occupations inside the construction once it is built. Independent surveies find during the life span of the grapevine it will lend $ 5. 2 billion in belongings revenue enhancements to communities along the path. Grapevines are the safest methods for the transit of crude oil merchandises compared to other methods. Harmonizing to The International Tanker Owners Pollution the figure of spills during the 2000‘s have decreased dramatically to 3. 7 % . TransCanada would be responsible to protect human wellness and the environment ( Keystone XL Pipeline Project ) . Oil spills are more common than TransCanada wants to demo. That oil spill has cost BP tonss and tonss of money and so the consequence to the ecosystem is atrocious ( Environmental Impact Of The Keystone XL Project ) . In Michigan in 2010 about one million gallons of oil was spilled into the Kalamazoo River by Enbridge. and will be around 800 million dollars to clean up. The company besides knew prior to the Kalamazoo River catastrophe that the subdivision of grapevine was dama ged. Enbridge was besides connected to an oil spill in Wisconsin of 1000 barrels ( Hall. Jim ) . The grapevines will hold to inspected and maintained to guarantee there is no oil spill in the Midwest. I can merely conceive of the sum of harm done if an oil spill hit in Nebraska or Kansas merely earlier harvest clip. TransCanada has already run this grapevine through the Dakotas. Nebraska. Missouri. Illinois. and Oklahoma. TransCanada proctors and controls our grapevine systems from a computerized control centre that is staffed 24 hours a twenty-four hours. If an oil spill were to happen. TransCanada is able to close down the grapevine and insulate the affected pipe subdivision from service within proceedingss ( Keystone XL Pipeline Project ) . Oil spills make one of the biggest musss and can kill an full ecosystem ( EPA Objects To Keystone Pipeline Expansion ) . We saw what happened in the H2O with the oil spill in the gulf seashore. and now we are speaking about it on land. What will go on if the oil lines interruption and destroy harvests and citizens dreams? It is clip to hal t the Keystone Pipeline XL Project before oil covers the heartland.

Hamlet Method In The Madness Essays - Characters In Hamlet

Hamlet: Method in the Madness Method in the Madness: Hamlet's Sanity Supported Through His Relation to Ophelia and Edgar's Relation to Lear In both Hamlet and King Lear, Shakespeare incorporates a theme of madness with two characters: one truly mad, and one only acting mad to serve a motive. The madness of Hamlet is frequently disputed. This paper argues that the contrapuntal character in each play, namely Ophelia in Hamlet and Edgar in King Lear, acts as a balancing argument to the other character's madness or sanity. King Lear's more decisive distinction between Lear's frailty of mind and Edgar's contrived madness works to better define the relationship between Ophelia's breakdown and Hamlet's "north-north-west" brand of insanity. Both plays offer a character on each side of sanity, but in Hamlet the distinction is not as clear as it is in King Lear. Using the more explicit relationship in King Lear, one finds a better understanding of the relationship in Hamlet. While Shakespeare does not directly pit Ophelia's insanity (or breakdown) against Hamlet's madness, there is instead a clear definitiveness in Ophelia's condition and a clear uncertainty in Hamlet's madness. Obviously, Hamlet's character offers more evidence, while Ophelia's breakdown is quick, but more conclusive in its precision. Shakespeare offers clear evidence pointing to Hamlet's sanity beginning with the first scene of the play. Hamlet begins with guards whose main importance in the play is to give credibility to the ghost. If Hamlet were to see his father's ghost in private, the argument for his madness would greatly improve. Yet, not one, but three men together witness the ghost before even thinking to notify Hamlet. As Horatio says, being the only of the guards to play a significant role in the rest of the play, "Before my God, I might not this believe / Without the sensible and true avouch / Of mine own eyes. (I.i.56-8)" Horatio, who appears frequently throughout the play, acts as an unquestionably sane alibi to Hamlet again when framing the King with his reaction to the play. That Hamlet speaks to the ghost alone detracts somewhat from its credibility, but all the men are witness to the ghost demanding they speak alone. Horatio offers an insightful warning: What if it tempts you toward the flood, my lord, Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles o'er his base into the sea, And there assume some other horrible form Which might deprive your sovereignty of reason, And draw you into madness? Think of it. (I.iv.69-74) Horatio's comment may be where Hamlet gets the idea to use a plea of insanity to work out his plan. The important fact is that the ghost does not change form, but rather remains as the King and speaks to Hamlet rationally. There is also good reason for the ghost not to want the guards to know what he tells Hamlet, as the play could not proceed as it does if the guards were to hear what Hamlet did. It is the ghost of Hamlet's father who tells him, "but howsomever thou pursues this act, / Taint not thy mind. (I.v.84-5)" Later, when Hamlet sees the ghost again in his mothers room, her amazement at his madness is quite convincing. Yet one must take into consideration the careful planning of the ghost's credibility earlier in the play. After his first meeting with the ghost, Hamlet greets his friends cheerfully and acts as if the news is good rather than the devastation it really is. Horatio: What news, my lord? Hamlet: O, wonderful! Horatio: Good my lord, tell it. Hamlet: No, you will reveal it. (I.v.118-21) This is the first glimpse of Hamlet's ability and inclination to manipulate his behavior to achieve effect. Clearly Hamlet is not feeling cheerful at this moment, but if he lets the guards know the severity of the news, they might suspect its nature. Another instance of Hamlet's behavior manipulation is his meeting with Ophelia while his uncle and Polonius are hiding behind a curtain. Hamlet's affection for Ophelia has already been established in I.iii., and his complete rejection of her and what has transpired between them is clearly a hoax. Hamlet somehow suspects the eavesdroppers, just as he guesses that Guildenstern and Rosencrantz are sent by the King and Queen to

Stop Procrastinating and Complete Your Dissertation

Stop Procrastinating and Complete Your Dissertation Are you an ABD (All-But-Dissertation) student? Doctoral dissertation looming over your head like an ominous black cloud? The dissertation is the most difficult and time-consuming academic requirement a doctoral student faces. Its way too easy to procrastinate and put off writing your dissertation under the guise, I need to read more before I can write. Dont fall into that trap! Dont let your dissertation drag you down. Stop your procrastination. Why do we procrastinate? Research suggests that students often procrastinate when they perceive the dissertation as an overwhelming task. Big surprise, huh? Motivation is the biggest problem that grad students face in writing the dissertation. A Lonely Time The dissertation is a time consuming and lonely process that usually takes about two years (and often longer). The dissertation often is a major blow to a graduate students self-esteem. It is not uncommon to feel as if its an insurmountable task that will never be completed. Organization and Time Management are Key The keys to completing the dissertation promptly are organization and time management. The lack of structure is the difficult part of the dissertation because the students role is to plan, carry out, and write up a research project (sometimes several). A structure must be applied in order to complete this task. One way of providing structure is to view the dissertation as a series of steps, rather than as one mammoth task. Motivation may be maintained and even enhanced as each small step is completed. Organization provides a sense of control, holds procrastination at minimal levels, and is key to completing the dissertation. How do you get organized? Outline the small steps needed to complete this large project.All too often, students may feel that their only goal is to finish the thesis. A goal this large may feel indomitable; break it down into the component tasks. For example, at the proposal stage, the tasks may be organized as follows: thesis statement, literature review, method, plan for analyses.   Each of these tasks entails many smaller tasks. The list for the literature review may consist of an outline of the topics you wish to discuss, with each outlined as detailed as possible. You may even wish to list relevant articles in the appropriate places within the outline. The method will consist of the participants, including items on locating them, rewards, drafting informed consent forms, locating measures, describing psychometric properties of the measures, piloting measures, drafting the procedure, etc. The hardest parts of writing your dissertation is starting and staying on track. So how do you write your dissertation? Read on for tips on how to write your dissertation and successfully complete your graduate program. Start Anywhere In terms of completing your list of dissertation tasks, it is not necessary to start at the beginning. In fact, believing that one starts the dissertation proposal by writing his or her introduction and thesis and ends with the plan for analyses will detain progress. Begin where you feel comfortable and fill in the gaps. You will find that you gain momentum with the completion of each small task. Feeling overwhelmed by any particular task is a sign that you have not broken it down into small enough pieces. Make Consistent Progress Writing Every Day, Even if Only for a Short Period. Set aside periods of time to write on a regular basis. Establish a firm schedule. Train yourself to write in short blocks, for at least an hour a day. All too often we insist that we need large blocks of time to write. Blocks of time certainly help the writing process, but the ABD often lacks such resources.   For example, when we were writing the dissertation, we taught 5 classes as an adjunct at 4 different schools; blocks of time were difficult to find, other than over the weekend. Aside from pragmatics, writing at least a little every day keeps the thesis topic fresh in your mind, leaving you open to new ideas and interpretations. You may even find yourself thinking about it and making conceptual progress as you complete mundane tasks such as driving to and from school and work. Use Incentives to Assist You in Overcoming Procrastination. Writing requires consistent, well-organized effort and a system of self-imposed incentives to overcome procrastination. What kind of incentives work? Although it depends on the individual, a safe bet is taking time off from work. We found vegetation time such as time spent playing computer games to be helpful as an incentive to reinforce progress. Methodically Break Through Writers Block. When it is difficult to write, talk through your ideas to anyone who will listen, or just talk out loud to yourself. Write out your thoughts without criticizing them. Take time to warm up, by writing to clear your thoughts. Get the ideas out without scrutinizing each sentence; it is often easier to edit than it is to write. Work through your ideas by writing, THEN edit extensively. You will write many drafts of each section of the dissertation; a first (second, or even third) draft need not approach perfection. In addition, it is acceptable to use dashes to mark when you cannot find the appropriate word to express your idea, but want to go on; just remember to fill in the dashes later. The important thing is that you develop a pattern of producing some output regularly that output can be edited or even thrown out, but it is important to produce something. Recognize and Accept the Fact That Writing Is a Time-consuming Process. Dont Rush Yourself. No draft will be perfect that first time around. Expect to go through several drafts of each section of your dissertation. Once you feel comfortable with a particular section, take time away from it. Ask others to read your writing and consider their comments and criticisms with an open mind. After a few days or a week, reread the section and edit again; you may be quite surprised by the impact of a fresh perspective. Writing the dissertation is much like running a marathon. The seemingly insurmountable may be attained through a series of small goals and deadlines. Accomplishing each small goal may provide additional momentum. Make consistent progress each day, use incentives to assist you in attaining your goals, and acknowledge that the dissertation will require time, hard work, and patience. Finally, consider the words of Dag Hammarskjold: Never measure the height of a mountain, until you have reached the top. Then you will see how low it was.

Constitutional Law and The Criminal Justice System Coursework

Constitutional Law and The Criminal Justice System - Coursework Example This is more in presenting or challenging the evidences within a meaningful manner. Furthermore, the lawyer helps in maintaining the proper conduct of the defense, in addition to guiding their clients all through the trial in such a manner that the defense is displayed with its complete force plus effect (Harr, Hess, & Orthman, 2012 372). Both sides need to know how to establish their position that is why the presence of the lawyer is significant. Furthermore, given that the responsibility of the lawyer is to take steps for the benefit of another person is a fiduciary relationship, then the presence of the lawyer makes the trial to be fair as it generates particular legal obligations as well as responsibilities (Harr, Hess, & Orthman, 2012 374). Why People Prefer Pro Se Representation People would want to represent themselves in court pro se, mainly for the reason that they have a distrust for lawyers in general. Others believe that they can personally deal with their defense effecti vely, and others will seek to represent themselves owing to their lack of qualification for legal aid and hiring a private lawyer turns out to be expensive (Harr, Hess, & Orthman, 2012 387). ... with complexities, there should be a right to self-representation but this should only be based on the intricacy of the case as well as the formality of the debate (Harr, Hess, & Orthman, 2012 390). Notably, when individuals represent themselves they are accorded the possibility to truly articulate what they feel instead of having their insight filtered through the lawyer. However, when it comes to criminal trials, self representation should not be in place due to the complex nature of the trial process. In complicated trials it is difficult even for the most intelligent and educated citizen to learn the complex aspects of the law, and as a result precise court procedure can be complicated and stressful. Thus, the objective for a lawyer in complicated cases rather than self representation is to safeguard the integrity of the procedure and to guarantee a fair trial (Harr & Hess, 2007 388). Trial by Media Limitation Even though, a public trial advances the fundamental fairness of the t rial as well as the position of fairness when it comes to enhancing public confidence, there has to be a balance between the sixth amendment right of the defendant on one hand and the general public first amendment rights on the other hand (Harr, Hess, & Orthman, 2012 366). Hence, the media is not allowed to attend every trial unless there is a compelling reason in doing otherwise, in particular the safety. The other boundary is when the coverage by the media can cause a worry that the accused will be in danger due to disruption within the court, or the trial becomes somewhat of a three ring spectacle which in the end wipes out the dignified atmosphere as required in court proceedings (Harr, Hess, & Orthman, 2012 366). Barring the Media from Attending Trials This issue of the defendants