Essay on Organizational Conflict - 775 Words

Conflict 1 Organizational Conflict: The three views Organizational Conflict: The three views Conflict 2 Organizational conflict is a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests between people working together. Conflict takes many forms in organizations. There is the inevitable clash between formal authority and power and those individuals and groups affected. There are disputes over how revenues should be divided, how the work should be done, and how long and hard people should work. There are jurisdictional disagreements among individuals, departments, and between unions and management. There are subtler forms of conflict involving rivalries, jealousies, personality clashes,†¦show more content†¦From this perspective, conflict occurs as a result of malfunctioning individuals or organizations. Therefore, in order to resolve conflict, problems must be identified, causes must be analyzed, and those people or situations contributing to the conflict must be fixed (Kilmann Thomas, 1978). This mechanistic view approaches conflict res olution as a logical, linear process. Robbins comments: Although research studies now provide strong evidence to dispute that this approach to conflict reduction results in high group performance, many still evaluate conflict situations utilizing this outmoded standard (2001, p. 384). In the 1950s the emerging human relations view of conflict began to replace the earlier traditional view. The human relations position suggests that conflict is a natural phenomenon in groups and organizations. Therefore, since it is inevitable, it must be accepted and managed. During this era, the management literature introduced the term conflict management (Nurmi Darling, 1997); and, by the 1970s, the field of organization development, with its tool-kit of team-building interventions, began to go mainstream, thus providing organizations with new resources for dealing with conflict. Conflict 4 More recently, a third conflict school of thought has emerged, referred to as the interactionist view. This perspectiveShow MoreRelatedOrganizational conflict773 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Conflict is defined as any situation in which incompatible goals, attitudes, emotions, or behaviors lead to disagreement or opposition between two or more parties† (Nelson, 2013, p.472). In my line of work, conflict is important and even relished; a collision of ideas, different approaches to achieve goals, and passionate emotions are essential to group and/or individual creativity. â€Å"Functional conflict can produce new ideas, learning, and growth among individuals. 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Investigating the Effect of Ph on the Activity of the Enzyme Catalase Free Essays

string(110) " will be concentrating on changing just 1 factor \(pH\) to show that this is the one than can change results\." Investigating the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme catalase. Introduction Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. It is a weak acid. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating the Effect of Ph on the Activity of the Enzyme Catalase or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has strong oxidizing properties and is therefore a powerful bleaching agent that is mostly used for bleaching paper. Catalase is a common enzyme found in all living organisms. Its functions include the conversion of Hydrogen Peroxide, a powerful and potentially harmful oxidizing agent, to water and oxygen. One molecule of catalase can convert millions of molecules of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen per second. Liver and other living tissues contain the enzyme catalase. Hydrogen peroxide, which is a harmful by-product of the process of cellular respiration is broken down if it builds up in concentration in the cells. If we use potato or other tissue containing this enzyme, we can use this to measure the relative influence of varying different factors on the activity of enzymes in living tissue, the factor I will be investigating in my coursework is the activity of pH. AimThe aim of my investigation is to find out how different pH’s will affect the enzyme activity and how this will affect the rate of reaction. Extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most enzymes. pH is also a factor in the stability of enzymes. As with activity, for each enzyme there is also a region of pH optimal stability. I will also be measuring the rate at which oxygen is evolved and how it reflects the activity of the enzyme catalase. Enzymes are generally globular proteins that have primary, secondary, tertiary and maybe quaternary structures.They are biological catalysts that can speed up a reaction rapidly. Enzymes are usually very specific as to which reactions they catalyse and the substrates that are involved in these reactions. Complimentary shape, charge and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of enzymes and substrates are responsible for this specificity therefore only one substrate will fit into the active site of the 1 enzyme. Two theories on Enzyme function: Lock and Key hypothesis – where you have 1 enzyme, 1 substrate and there is a complimentary shape and charge. Induced Fit Hypothesis – The substrate and enzyme are not complimentary.During a collision the substrate induces a change in the active site shape and so it becomes complimentary. E. g. Hand in Glove. Some enzymes are produced in an inactive form therefore need to be switched on by the addition of a non-protein group, this sometimes causes a permanent change. Limiting factors- Few factors that affect enzyme activity * Temperature Each enzyme has an optimum temperature at which it works best. A higher temperature generally results in an increase in enzyme activity. As the temperature increases, molecular motion increases resulting in more molecular collisions.If, however, the temperature rises above a certain point, the heat will denature the enzyme, causing it to lose its three-dimensional functional shape by denaturing its hydrogen bonds. Cold temperature, on the other hand, slows down enzyme activity by decreasing molecular motion. 1. Rate of reaction is slow due to insufficient energy (kinetic), this means there are very few collisions between substrate and enzymes. 2. Rate of reaction increases due to more kinetic energy and more collisions. More enzyme-substrate complex’s are formed. 3. It has now reached optimum temperature where there’s optimum energy.There are many successful collisions therefore more product has been formed. 4. Rate of reaction starts to decrease, The increase in kinetic energy now causes molecules within the enzyme to vibrate. This may result in the hydrogen bonds breaking therefore enzyme structure may change,. All the enzymes have still not been affected at this point and there has not been a permanent change, 5. Increase in energy causes molecules to vibrate. 4 bonds (S-S, ionic bonds) begin to break. Tertiary structure is now permanently altered and therefore the active site and substrate are no longer complimentary so no products can now be made. PH Each enzyme has an optimal pH that helps maintain its three-dimensional shape. Changes in pH may denature enzymes by altering the enzyme’s charge. This alters the ionic bonds of the enzyme that contribute to its functional shape. Most human enzymes work at an optimum pH of around 7. 3 or 7. 4. The majority of these are intra-cellular enzymes. Extra-cellular enzymes e. g. digestive enzymes work at more extreme pH’s e. g. protease at pH2 and arginase at pH 11. Rate of reaction is affected by changes in pH. The charges on R groups maintaining a structure of the active site are essential for the formation of E-S complex.If the properties of the active site change, the substrate can no longer combine (I. e. increase in protons of hydroxyl ions will repel the substrate) pH can also effect individual amino acids as formation of zwitter ions are common. * Enzyme Concentration Assuming a sufficient concentration of substrate is available, increasing enzyme concentration will increase the enzyme reaction rate. If you increase the enzyme concentration there is more chance of a collision and an increase in the rate of reaction. When there’s more substrate than enzymes (substrate becomes the limiting factor) it will stay at one level. Substrate Concentration Rate of reaction will increase proportional to the sub concentration until V-max. V-max is where all the enzymes are occupied in E-S complexes. This is where the reaction will stay at one level. At a constant enzyme concentration and at lower concentrations of substrates, the substrate concentration is the limiting factor. As the substrate concentration increases, the enzyme reaction rate increases. However, at very high substrate concentrations, the enzymes become saturated with substrate and a higher concentration of substrate does not increase the reaction rate.Validity and Reliability As I’ve just discussed, various factors affect enzyme activity. For this piece of coursework I will be concentrating on changing just 1 factor (pH) to show that this is the one than can change results. You read "Investigating the Effect of Ph on the Activity of the Enzyme Catalase" in category "Papers" This will help me work out close trends and get me a good range of results. I am going to show this by doing an experiment with potato disks. * I will be using different pH buffers in my experiment; from pH3 to pH9, and will have a range of variables; dependant and independent. My dependant variable will be the time it takes for the red dye to move across the monometer. I will be keeping the temperature the same as it is difficult to control and is a limiting factor, and so to record results and minimise fluctuations I will do the experiment at the same time of day. I will measure temperature as I know it will affect enzymes and the rate of reaction. * I will be using the same concentration and volume of hydrogen peroxide (substrate) because if I change too many variables it will make it difficult to know which affected the results. * I will also be using the same number of potatoes, same variety of potatoes, same mass of potatoes, to indicate I am using the same enzyme concentration.All these points will make my results valid but to increase reliability I will also do the experiment 3 times to eliminate anomalous results . Also as I am using pH 3 to pH 9 I am going from acid to alkali giving me a wide range of results. I will wash my equipment each time to increase reliability and I will also use the exact same equipment to make my results constant. Safety Hydrogen peroxide is an irritant and highly corrosive, therefore * I will have to wear safety goggles to protect my eyes. * I must wash it off my skin. * It will bleach clothes. * It is kept in a brown bottle as it decomposes in light. ApparatusApparatus| Quantity/Detail| Reason| Potato (source of catalase)| 1 potato cut into Potato disks| Most common and reliable source of catalase. It is cut into equal disks because if you homogenize it you will not get equal amounts and you will lose a lot of water making it unreliable. | Hydrogen Peroxide (substrate)| 10cm as this will give the highest rate of reaction as I figured from doing practice trials. | Substrate of the experiment. Reacts with the catalase to be broken down| PH buffer| VolumePh3-ph9| Independent variable-always use the same volume 10cm3. | Monometer| 1| Measures volume of oxygen. Red dye will be put in this. Red dye| | Injected into the monometer so results can be recorded by measuring the distance travelled from starting point in 1min. | Syringe| 1| Used to inject the dye. | Boiling tube| 1| Reaction will take place in this. It will have the buffer, hydrogen peroxide and potato discs in. | Bung| 1| This will be placed on top of the test tube. It will be used to stop the gases escaping. It will have two delivery tubes on it, one will be closed by a clip and the other one will be connected to the monometer so gases can go into it. | Delivery tube| 1| | Clip| 1| This will be used to clip and block one of the delivery tubes from the bung. Stop clock accurate to m/s| Digital| To time how long the red dye takes to move in 1min. | Measuring Cylinders| 1| Accurately measures the hydrogen peroxide and pH buffers. | Scalpel| 1| Sharp knife used to cut the potatoes| Cork borer| 1| To maintain a constant surface area in the potato and cut same size disks. | Ruler| 1| To measure size | Safety goggles| 1| Safety| Thermometer| 1 exact to 1’C| To measure temperature| Dish| 1| | White tile| 1| Surface used o cut potato tubes into discs. | Scale| 1| To weigh| Method 1. I will collect all the equipment as shown in the apparatus list and then set them up. . I will then take a reading from the thermometer of the water. This will be my accountable variable. 3. Then, I will cut out a potato cylinder by using a cork borer. I will push the cylinder of potato out by the small cork borer. 4. On the white tile, I will place the potato cylinders. Then by using a scalpel I will cut out the potato pieces into small disks, all equal sizes, and then I will measure the mass of them by using a balance and I will average it out to 1g. 5. Then I will inject the red dye into the monometer by using a clean syringe and make sure there are no bubbles in the monometer.I will take the reading of where the red dye is. 6. I will then clamp the monometer onto the stand so it is upright and stable. 7. Then, by using a pipette, I will pour 10cm? of hydrogen peroxide into one of the measuring cylinders. Then, by using another pipette, I will pour 10cm? of pH buffer solution and pour it into the other measuring cylinder. I will keep this volume the same for each of my tests to make it fair. 8. I will then pour the potato disks and the buffer into the test tube. I will place this into the conical flask and will record the point at which the red dye is at on the monometer. . Then, I will connect the test tube to the monometer by the delivery tube. 10. I will then place the hydrogen peroxide and straight away after this, I will place the bung on top of the test tube straight away to stop oxygen from escaping. I will clip on the clip to one of the delivery tubes and close it. We put the products in this order because the reaction starts as soon as the hydrogen peroxide goes in and we want the reaction to start just before we put the bung on so none of the oxygen escapes. 11. I will start the stopwatch after this. 12. I will measure how much the dye moves in 1 minute. 3. I will measure the distance moved and will take an average for the pH. 14. I will repeat the experiment form step 2 for each pH 3 times to make it reliable. Results Table pH| Time (mins)| Temperature (? C)| Distance moved by red dye in one min (mm)| Average distance moved by red ink in one min (mm)| Rate of reaction (mm/mins)| 3| | | | | | 3| | | | | | 3| | | | | | 4| | | | | | 4| | | | | | 4| | | | | | 5| | | | | | 5| | | | | | 5| | | | | | 6| | | | | | 6| | | | | | 6| | | | | | 7| | | | | | 7| | | | | | 7| | | | | | 8| | | | | | 8| | | | | | 8| | | | | | 9| | | | | | 9| | | | | | 9| | | | | |Rate of reaction Distance Rate of reaction = Time taken Average distance This will be calculated by adding the 3 figures for each pH and then dividing them by 3. pH| Time (mins)| Temperature (? C)| Distance moved by red dye in one min (cm)| Average distance moved by red dye in one min (cm)| Rate of reaction (cm/mins)| 3| 1| 25| 0. 2| 0. 17| 0. 17| 3| 1| 25| 0. 2| | | 3| 1| 25| 0. 1| | | 4| 1| 25| 0. 4| 0. 47| 0. 47| 4| 1| 25| 0. 5| | | 4| 1| 25| 0. 5| | | 5| 1| 26| 0. 5| 0. 57| 0. 57| 5| 1| 26| 0. 6| | | 5| 1| 26| 0. 6| | | 6| 1| 26| 0. 7| 0. 80| 0. 80| 6| 1| 26| 0. 9| | | 6| 1| 26| 0. 8| | | | 1| 25| 1. 3| 1. 17| 1. 17| 7| 1| 25| 1. 2| | | 7| 1| 25| 1. 0| | | 8| 1| 26| 0. 9| 0. 93| 0. 93| 8| 1| 26| 1. 2| | | 8| 1| 26| 0. 7| | | 9| 1| 25| 0. 4| 0. 53| 0. 53| 9| 1| 25| 0. 6| | | 9| 1| 25| 0. 6| | | Results Table Conclusion After analyzing the results and putting them in a graph, I can clearly identify and explain the trends. There are relationships between the amount of oxygen produced and the pH used. Also, between the pH and the rate of reaction. The starting parts of both graphs, shows a positive gradient, this reflects the general affect of increasing pH on the rate of reaction.It shows that there is a positive relationship between increasing the pH from 3 to 6 and the rate of reaction and the amount of oxygen produced. There is a steady increase from pH 3 to pH 6 and it increases, there is more distance that the dye has moved and therefore this shows an increase in the rate of reaction. At pH3, it moves 1. 7mm in one minute. But as the pH number was increased to pH4, it had increased to 4. 7mm. This is an increase of 3. 0mm. But, then there was only a small steady increase at Ph5 to 5. 7mm, only an increase of 1mm. Then at pH6, there was another increase to 8mm which is an increase of 2. mm. This shows that the biggest increase was from pH 3 to 4. It can be seen from the graph that at pH 5 and pH 6, the dot was not on the curve of best fit proving it to be an anomalous result. But overall this proves that there is a positive correlation between the increase in pH and the rate of reaction. After pH 6, it was increased to pH 7, where there was the greatest rate of reaction. It can be seen from the graph that at pH 7, it was the highest point proving it to be the optimum pH. It moved the red dye 11. 7mm in one minute which was the highest amount that it had move out of all the PHs.It had increased 2. 7mm. The peak on the graph provides evidence that the rate of reaction is at its maximum and the enzyme catalase works best at pH 7. Then after pH 7, the descending part of the graph shows that there is a loss of catalase activity taking place at pH 8 and 9. There is a slow decrease after pH 7 and it is a negative correlation. The gradient is similar to the positive gradient of Ph 5 and 6. From pH 7 to 8, there is a decrease of 2. 4mm, from 11. 7mm to 9. 3mm. From pH 8 to 9, there was a steady decrease of 4. 0mm, from 9. 3mm to 5. 3mm.This in turn shows that there is a negative correlation and therefore showing that the rate of reaction is decreasing. The curve of best fit shows that there are two anomalous results at pH 5 and pH 6 therefore all the other points are correct. There is a positive gradient until pH 7 which is the optimum pH and then after this there is a negative gradient. This means that there is a relationship between the pH and the rate of reaction. The PH’s before the optimum are all acids and it shows the rate of reaction for them to be increasing. This shows that the more acidic it is, the lower the rate of reaction.After the optimum ph, there is a decreasing gradient showing the more alkaline the solution is, the lower the rate of reaction. In conclusion I can say that as the pH increases, so does the rate of reaction meaning that the enzyme activity increases. Then at pH7 the enzyme activity is at its maximum and so is the rate of reaction. After Ph 7, as the pH increased, the rate of reaction decreased. I have made this conclusion by the results that were collected, my graph and my scientific knowledge shown below. As the pH became more alkaline the rate of reaction decreased. Also, as the pH decreased to pH 3 and 4 (acid), the rate of reaction was slow. This occurred as the charges holding the tertiary structure together would have been affected. Also the charges in the active site would be damaged. As there is an increase in H+ they bind with the negative charges in the active site, stopping the substrate binding with the enzyme. When the charges change, the enzyme is permanently destroyed and cannot work, meaning it is denatured. This means less enzyme-substrate complexes form when pH is acidic, leading to fewer products being formed. PH 3 moved the red dye 1. mm; PH4 moved it 4. 7mm in one minute. At pH 5 the rate of reaction increases to 5. 7mm. After this point, there is only a slight increase (at pH 6). The rate of reaction is lower than that of pH 7 as they are more acidic but do not contain as many H+ ions as pH3 and pH4. However, the active site of the enzyme is still affected and causes the charges to become damaged leading to denatured enzymes. Although not as many enzymes become denatured leading to a slightly higher number of product being formed (not as great as pH7). PH 5 moved the dye 5. 7mm whereas pH6 moved it 8. 0mm in one minute.The rate of reaction at pH 7 is the greatest as there are a great number of enzyme-substrate complexes being formed. This is the best pH for the enzyme to collide with the substrate and successfully bind. The charges holding the tertiary structure and the enzyme and substrate together are unaffected leading to a higher amount of product being formed. It moved the red dye 11. 7mm in one minute. As the pH became more alkaline the rate of reaction decreased. At pH8 the rate of reaction decreased and at pH 9 it decreased even more. This is due to an increased number of OH- ions. These have the same effect as H+ ions and damage the active site.The OH- ions bind with the positive charges in the enzyme and active site. Without the charges present the substrate no longer fits, resulting in the enzyme being denatured. This leads to less enzyme-substrate complexes, and lower amount of product being formed. Therefore the results from the investigation and the graphs show that the optimum pH is pH7. This is due to the fact that this pH does not affect the active site. The catalase and hydrogen peroxide bond form water and oxygen successfully. PH 7 allows the reaction to take place faster as enzyme-substrate complexes can be formed to produce product.Also, the more acidic or alkaline the pH became, the more the rate of reaction decreased. This occurred as it affects the bonds in the active site of catalase. The catalase is no longer able to function as it is denatured. Fewer enzyme-substrate complexes are formed and the blue dye only moves a small distance. EVALUATION During my investigation, I recognized that there were limitations of both the apparatus and techniques used. Even though I tried my best to keep all variables constant and made an effort to reduce problems, not all could be kept constant.Firstly, there were difficulties with handling various apparatus which restricted the reliability of my experiment. The manometer was used to find how much oxygen was produced. This was the better device to use rather than the gas syringe as it contained the best way of getting measurements. This made my results more accurate. However, this device also contains a couple of limitations. The monometer appeared quite simple to use and I thought that it would be easy But it turned out this was the hardest piece of equipment instead and caused me the most problems. When the red dye was inserted it into the onometer, air bubbles were frequently produced and this would have affected my results if I didn’t correct it. This was a continuous problem that caused many difficulties. Another problem was bungs. This was used to keep the test tubes blocked to stop the oxygen escaping. One of the tubes had to be completely blocked using a clamp so no oxygen could escape; this had to be done a couple of seconds after the catalase was added. This was difficult to do and was not done as soon as the reaction began. This would have resulted in some oxygen escaping giving me a slightly lower number of oxygen produced than was actually produced.The bung also had to be placed seconds after the catalase were added, this could have also resulted in some oxygen escaping. There could have been problems also because of my technique. This is because I used potatoes as the form of my catalase. But, there could have been different concentrations of catalase present in the different discs. Temperature was kept constant using a water bath, the temperature of this was 25? C (room temperature). However there is one limitation as the investigation was carried out over a period of a couple of days. The room temperature may have had an effect, as the temperature is not constant over a long period.An increase in temperature would give the particles higher energy and so there would be an increase in collisions. The affect of sunlight on hydrogen peroxide might have had a problem on the stability of it as it was left out of the brown bottle that would normally protect the chemical. However, the limitations mentioned above did not greatly affect the reliability of my results. It had minimal effect as the results are reliable and also the curve of best fit is reliable. Everything in my experiment happened the way it should have happened but there were two anomalous results at pH 5 and pH6.But, this wasn’t that unreliable because I think that this happened because of the change in my temperature. At this pH the temperatures changed from 25? C to 26? C. There was a slightly higher rate of reaction than what it should have been according to the curve of best fit but it still follows the pattern that there is a positive gradient for the acids and a negative gradient for the alkalis. My conclusion that I came up with was that as pH increased, the rate of reaction of the enzyme increased and then at pH 7 it reached its maximum and as the pH’s increased after, the rate of reaction decreased.I think that this conclusion is fairly accurate. This is because my graph showed exactly this because there was a positive gradient for the acids and at pH7 it reached its maximum, and then there was a negative gradient for the alkalis. But, there were the two anomalies but this was because of a variable. . In conclusion, I believe that my conclusion is fairly reliable even though there were a few limitations and problems. This is because the problems that have existed have not had a significant effect on my results and my conclusions prove the aim. How to cite Investigating the Effect of Ph on the Activity of the Enzyme Catalase, Papers

Portrait of a Lady by Alessandro Allori Essay Example

Portrait of a Lady by Alessandro Allori Essay When I first read the instructions for this essay, I was a bit frightened on how I was going to approach this project. At first, my attitude was that museums were boring and uninteresting, although this was my first perspective of museums, my whole mindset had completely switched to the opposite side of the spectrum. At first, when I had walked into the museum, and it was such a smooth calming feel in which I enjoyed, I had walked into the San Diego Museum of Art. I had Stumbled across the oil on panel portrait called â€Å"Portrait of a Lady† by the infamous Italian painter, Alessandro Allori. This beautiful Florentine piece of art was created in 1560. This portrait is a woman who is firmly holding her head high with a gorgeous lace dress and impressive flashy jewels. She is wearing a Florence dress which indicates the time this was created, in the 16th century. She appears to have marble looking skin with confidence a woman should have. The formation overall of this piece of work is quite detailed. First Allori uses more diagonal lines in the portrait, for example, the face, arms, beginning of the dress, stripes at the bottom of the dress and body of the woman. He uses these lines to make the woman appear bigger as well as height. This shows that the artist wanted to make this art very important and straight to the point. He uses curve lines for the width of shoulders, arms crossing, and hairline and width of the dress as well. The shape is an oval for the head and rectangle for the body of the woman, Allawi may have used these two shapes before creating the portrait. The form is an oval for the head of the body and a cylinder for the body. Allawi may have also used these forms before creating this masterpiece as well. Space is very positive and bright for the overall body, contoured by negative space in the background. The negative space is black on the portrait which outlines the ladies body; our eyes are drawn t o her, not the bl We will write a custom essay sample on Portrait of a Lady by Alessandro Allori specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Portrait of a Lady by Alessandro Allori specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Portrait of a Lady by Alessandro Allori specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Establishing a Project Management Office (PMO)

Establishing a Project Management Office (PMO) Project Management Office (PMO) â€Å"A Project Management Office (PMO) is described as a centralized, coordinating body within an organization or a project that provides a focal point for the field of project management† (Young, 2009). As such, its key function is to define and address issues that relate to management of projects in order to facilitate success in organizational results for projects.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Establishing a Project Management Office (PMO) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The establishment of a Project Management Office has several advantages to an organization. As the Project Management Consultant in a company considering establishing a PMO, I would put several aspects into consideration. However, a PMO has more advantages in running of a company than any potential disadvantages. As the PM Consultant for the company, I wish to mention why a PMO should be adopted. As suc h, the main benefits of adopting a PMO in a company are as described in the following paragraphs. Reasons for Adopting the PMO Many companies across the continent have been struggling to deliver projects within budget, but with minimum success. However, several management challenges faced by these companies have resulted in unsuccessful attempts to meet their targets. Project success rates have been reported to decrease in the recent years due to failure in management. â€Å"As such, there has been a dramatic increase in late and over-budget projects in 2010, as compared to 2009† (Krigsman, 2011). Table 1.0 shows the summary for projects statistics for the years 2009 and 2010. Risk Factor 2009 Average 2010 Average Percentage of projects taking longer than expected. 35.5 percent 61.1 percent Percentage of projects with costs exceeding allocated budget. 51.4 percent 74.1 percent Percentage benefits realization from delivered projects. 67.0 percent 48.0 percent Table 1.0: Projects Statistics for the year 2009 and 2010 Source: ZDNet (2011).Advertising Looking for report on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, latest survey from the PM Solutions Research has indicated that PMO has a significant contribution to project success. The detailed results of PMO contribution are as given below (PM Solutions Research, 2010): 31 percent reduction in failed project. 30 percent of projects delivered under budget. 21 percent improvement in productivity. 19 percent of projects delivered ahead of schedule. 17 percent saving per project has been confirmed. A 13 percent increase in resource capacity. As a result, it is mandatory to implement a PMO in order to experience improved project success rates. However, there are several guidelines to be followed to ensure the PMO benefits are accompanied with high-success rates. Some of the benefits of establishing a PMO in the company are described below (Young, 2009). Focus on improvement in project management competency. Knowledge and project management skills are improved through training. There are increased levels of uniformity and consistency in project delivery. There is a reduction in project overruns, hence, improved delivery speeds. Customer satisfaction as a result of meeting product requirements. There is a common point for the project management service. Archiving project operational and performance data. Steps in Building a Successful Project Management Office (PMO) Since it is like any other organizational change project, implementation of the Project Management Office will be approached in the same manner (Hill, 2008). There are several steps that need to be followed so that success can be guaranteed. As the PM Consultant for the company, I have identified the following key steps to use for the PMO implementation. Establishment Role, Scope and Office The initial set up of the PMO will involve the establishment of the organizational role and scope (power) of the office (Hill, 2008). During the set up process, there are several factors to consider in defining the office and are referred to as PMO evolves. In collaboration with the company’s executives, these factors can be identified and incorporated as it may be rendered necessary. The following are the most urgent and influential factors that are a must to be considered in establishing a PMO. First of all, it will be necessary to consider the reporting arrangements because it has a significant influence on the determination of the roles and power of the PMO. In this situation, an independent PMO that reports directly to the executive group is preferred. This will allow for a greater degree of functionality of the PMO, thus, resulting in better management of project related issues (Steph, 2007). As such, there is no restriction of the PMO’s operation within certain departments alone, but free a nd independent operations in all departments.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Establishing a Project Management Office (PMO) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, the scope of projects that the PMO will assume responsibility has to be identified. Depending on the needs and size of organization, the PMO can assume responsibilities for all the projects or limited to certain projects such as IT. During the first implementation process, it is essential that the PMO is restricted within the organization. This will enable the company evaluate its performance and define new ways of improving future ventures. Finally, the PMO can be established as a permanent or temporary office depending on the company’s needs. Temporary PMO offices can be set up for functions such as reflecting on a year’s initiatives. On the other hand, a permanent office will allow for an ongoing assessment of an organization’ s projects. Depending on the cost implications, companies usually prefer permanent offices because they are more economical in the long run. Human Resource Functions The second stage of setting up the PMO involves taking care of human resource issues such as selection and recruitment, training and certification, and providing resources to projects, among others. These functions are available in both cases where the PMO is independent or directly responsible for projects. The following human resource factors are the most essential in setting up project management offices. Selection and recruitment of project staff is a responsibility that the PMO can assume when established. This is a necessary step where pertinent professionals such as project managers can be selected and assigned to projects that have been identified (Hill, 2008). It ensures that the project management culture of the organization is in accordance with the company’s scope. As such, there is a continuous impro vement in the organization’s professional project management staff; thus, improved productivity. The PMO can also take responsibility in administering training the company’s staff. The body can undertake these functions by itself or through other external bodies. The PMO sets up the minimum standards required for selection and promotions to higher project management posts.Advertising Looking for report on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This step ensures that recruited members are fit and competent to undertake the project responsibilities set before them (Steph, 2007). As a result, the project managerial skills can be developed and promoted for the organization’s success. Another important role that PMO’s provides is coordinating the supply of resources to the organization’s projects. This function may involve posting of project managers to projects or even the entire project staff. However, the growth and expansion of an organization is the factor that will determine the actions to be undertaken. For instance, growth will result in the need to manage projects resources systematically. As such, it may be essential for the PMO to assume the works for allocating resources to projects. Setting up Project Management Standards The third step undertaken by the PMO involves the establishment of project management standards. This will provide a backing for which the PMO will use to manage how the comp any responds to its projects (Hill, 2008). This helps to define the organizational layout for projects and can provide either direct or indirect influence on the projects. The factors handled during this stage are described in the following paragraphs. The initial and most significant step is to set up the Project Management Methodologies. These may include defining the project life cycle or project execution standards. The former involves defining the sequencing of project activities such as design, building, testing and hand-over. However, the latter involves determining the parameters for items such as documentation, reporting and issue management. This is a key role in determining how an organization will be responding to its projects needs. Therefore, the role is usually assigned to the PMO to ensure a successful project execution is realized. Another role that is closely associated with setting up methodologies includes the provision of templates. Provision of templates for pr oject activities has a direct influence on how projects are run. There are several forms of templates that can be used such as status reporting, risk assessment and budgeting among many others. This is an extremely helpful step for organizations that are new to project management because it allows them to establish standard processes much faster than expected. Also, it may be necessary for an organization to provide project management tools to assist in the effective management of more complex projects. These tools usually have both direct and indirect impact on the management of organization’s projects. Project management tools may include templates (mentioned above), project management software, and other customized tools (Steph, 2007). Project Execution Functions Usually, project execution functions are closely linked to the PMO’s resource ownership relationship. As such, a PMO that owns its resources (project managers or project resource group) has more responsibil ities in the management and execution of the projects. The following functions in project executions are handled by the Project Management Office in an organization (Steph, 2007). A comprehensive risk management function can be assigned to the Project Management Office depending on the need at hand. The functions may vary from the initial setting up of standards and procedures for risk management processes to facilitation of project risk management. Risk and issue management functions are assigned to PMO’s to ensure there is maximum success among handled projects. Impact and change management functions are well managed by the PMO. As such, the PMO assumes all the responsibilities for measuring project impacts on shareholders, customers, employees and other associates. The importance of PMO’s functions on impact assessment increases as an organization’s size and project portfolio increases. This helps in the determination of better ways to handle future projects by avoiding possible future problems on similar projects. Communication is an extremely useful tool required to shape the current and future direction of projects. As such, the PMO should be well exposed to several projects to develop effective ways of managing communication within projects and other areas of a company. Some of the techniques used to improve communication within projects include the use of direct methods like presentations and newsletters; or the use of indirect methods such as provision of Intranet sites and directories. Large corporations with several projects are suitable for this communication that is aided by PMO’s. Business Strategy Responsibilities Several organizations that are constantly improving their technologies and those with large expenditures on their projects require a PMO with increased roles. This is necessary to ensure that such organizations do not make unnecessary losses due to technology lags or overboard project expenditure. In such si tuations, the PMO will assume a crucial role in making strategies for such organizations. The following strategic intents can be undertaken by such organizations. One strategic move by a PMO can involve the gathering of initiative proposals. As mentioned earlier, this may include the submission of guidelines and templates that can be used as aids by people submitting proposals. Another strategic function may involve the evaluation of projects as a central area for the planning of organization’s projects. This would include proposal evaluations basing on different criteria. Some of the fundamental criteria that are used include resource impacts, costs, risk assessments, schedules, etc. The PMO may also use project prioritization to categorize the most critical projects. As such, this could be used for identifying which projects to start working on and with what speeds in order to meet their deadlines. Furthermore, project prioritization can be used to identify projects with th e most financial benefits, easier resources availability, and those with minimal risk assessment (Steph, 2007). When accompanied with project planning and scheduling, the PMO delivers quality projects within the allocated time frame. Associated to project prioritization and scheduling (as mentioned above) is the PMO’s role in project funding and approval. In this strategic move, the PMO ensures that the necessary funding is made available to projects at the most appropriate time so as to allow for maximum productivity. Therefore, all budgets directly relating to projects are handled by the PMO of the organization in order to maintain smooth operations. Reviewing the PMO After the establishment of all the five stages described above, the Project Management Office is completed and ready to start offering its services. However, the PMO will need to be constantly reviewed, and modifications made as it serves the organization (Hill, 2008). Changes resulting from the organizationâ €™s growth lead to subsequent changes in the roles and scope of the PMO. Therefore, it is mandatory that the PMO staff work together with the organization’s executive in order to review the PMO’s scope and performance. As a result, the PMO will remain functional and relevant to the changing business needs of the organization. Conclusion In this paper, the benefits and essential steps undertaken in setting up a PMO were discussed. The determining factors may vary depending on the size, type, and project portfolio of the organization. The application of those factors that were discussed will enable an organization to establish methods that will result in maximum productivity. Therefore, it is recommended that organizations looking for project success establish a PMO to manage its internal and external projects. References Hill, Gerard (2008) The Complete Project Management Office Handbook (2nd Edition). ESI International. Krigsman, Michael (2011) 2011 ERP Survey: New IT Failure Research and Statistics.  Web. ZDNet. PM Solutions (2010) The State of the PMO 2010: A PM Solutions Research Report.  Web. PM Solutions. Steph, Brown (2007) How to Design an Effective Project Management Office. Web. Management E-articles. Young, Michael (2009) Key Steps to Implement a Project Management Office. Web. Project Smart.

12 Interesting Ethical Topics for Essay Papers

12 Interesting Ethical Topics for Essay Papers Writing a persuasive essay requires identifying interesting ethical topics, and these options might inspire you to create a powerful and engaging essay, position paper, or speech for your next assignment. Should Teens Have Plastic Surgery? Good looks are highly prized in our society. You can see advertisements everywhere urging you to buy products that will supposedly enhance your appearance. While many products are topical, plastic surgery is probably the ultimate game-changer. Going under the knife to enhance your looks can be a quick fix and help you achieve the look you desire. It also carries risks and can have lifelong consequences. Consider whether you think teens- who are still developing into mature individuals- should have the right to make such a big decision at such a young age, or if their parents should be able to decide for them. Would you tell if you saw a popular kid bullying? Bullying is a big problem in schools and even in society in general. But it can be difficult to show courage, step up- and step in- if you see a popular kid bullying someone at school. Would you report it if you saw this happening? Why or why not? Would You Speak Up If Your Friend Abused an Animal? Animal abuse by youngsters can foreshadow more violent acts as these individuals grow up. Speaking up might save the animal pain and suffering today and it might steer that person away from more violent acts in the future. But would you have the courage to do so? Why or why not? Would You Tell If You Saw a Friend Cheating on a Test? Courage can come in subtle forms, and that can include reporting seeing someone cheat on a test. Cheating on a test might not seem like such a big deal; perhaps youve cheated on a test yourself. But it is against the policies of schools and universities worldwide. If you saw someone cheating, would you speak up and tell the teacher? What if it was your buddy cheating and telling might cost you a friendship? Explain your stance. Should News Stories Slant Toward What People Want to Hear? There is much debate over whether the news should be unbiased or allow commentary. Newspapers, radios, and news television stations are businesses, just as much as a grocery store or online retailers. They need customers to survive, and that means appealing to what their customers want to hear or see. Slanting reports toward popular opinions could increase ratings and readership, in turn saving newspapers and news shows, as well as jobs. But is this practice ethical? What do you think? Would You Tell If Your Best Friend Had a Drink at the Prom? Most schools have strict rules about drinking at the prom, but many students still engage in the practice. After all, theyll be graduating soon. If you saw a friend imbibing, would you tell or look the other way? Why? Should Football Coaches Be Paid More Than Professors? Football often brings in more money than any other single activity or program a school offers, including academic classes. In the corporate world, if a business is profitable, the CEO and those who contributed to the success are often rewarded handsomely. With that in mind, shouldnt it be the same in academia? Should the top football coaches get paid more than the top professors? Why or why not? Should Politics and Church Be Separate? Candidates often invoke religion when theyre out campaigning. Its generally a good way to attract votes. But should the practice be discouraged? The U.S. Constitution, after all, dictates that there should be a separation of church and state in this country. What do you think and why? Would You Speak Up If You Heard an Ugly Ethnic Statement at a Party Filled With Popular Kids? As in the previous examples, it can be hard to speak up, especially when an incident involves popular kids. Would you have the courage to say something and risk the ire of the popular crowd? Who would you tell? Should Assisted Suicides Be Allowed for Terminally Ill Patients? Some countries, like the Netherlands, allow assisted suicides, as do some U.S. states. Should mercy killing be legal for terminally ill patients who are suffering from great physical pain? What about patients whose diseases will negatively impact their families? Why or why not? Should a Students Ethnicity Be a Consideration for College Acceptance? There has been a long-standing debate about the role ethnicity should play in college acceptance. Proponents of affirmative action argue that underrepresented groups should be given a leg up. Opponents say that all college candidates should be judged on their merits alone. What do you think and why? Should Companies Gather Information About Their Customers? Information privacy is a big and growing issue. Every time you log onto the internet and visit an online retailer, news company, or social media site, companies gather information about you. Should they have the right to do so, or should the practice be banned? Why do you think so? Explain your answer.

Global Economy and Transnational Corporations Essay

Global Economy and Transnational Corporations - Essay Example If Reich’s theory is valid, then the role of the government is creating competitiveness for the nation is by being the custodians of the economy as opposed to being just regulators. In this case, the government must seek to develop the national capital through promoting education and through policies. Peter Dicken (2010) however seems to disagree with Reich’s look of the global economy and argues that the global economy can be measured by the way the multinational or transnational firms are operating. He argues that TNC (Transnational Corporations) are the barometers for a global economy. The dilemmas with this theory are that it does not take into attention some factors such as these multinationals do not necessarily pledge their economic allegiance to the nations where they are, but only consider where their best interest is safeguarded. However, it is important in that the presence of a multinational in a country may be an indication of an economy that is doing well. A good example can be seen in China and India which are doing very well economically after so many western multinationals moved their business to these nations. If this theory is valid, then it means that the role of the government is regulatory as opposed to being the custodians of the economy. Alfred Chandler (1977) seems to be in congruence with Peter Dicken. This is because he argues that the world economy is affected by the hierarchy of management in private businesses. This is also contrary to what Robert Reich postured with regard to the wealth of nations, or work of nations. According to Alfred Chandler, the middle management has converted Adam Smith’s invisible hand into a visible hand and now the wealth of nations is not created from the invisible hands that amount from everyone in the economy working together, but that the middle management in firms is the ones who drive the wealth of nations. The advantage of this theory is that it may not explain some situations such as in developing nations where the economy and industries are not as structured as in the developed nations.  Ã‚  

Discuss a detail information of the movie Rossie the Riveter Essay

Discuss a detail information of the movie Rossie the Riveter - Essay Example The American culture, for the most part, had seen the ideal of womanhood as staying home and raising the children. Most women did not work outside the home. Those who did had limited opportunities. In 1910 in the United States, more than one third of employed women were maids or house servants. However, during World War II, it became the woman’s responsibility to pick up the industrial work. It was seen as the woman’s duty to support the men at war. They were expected to work in war factories, building ships and planes. â€Å"Rosie the Riveter† portrays 5 women’s firsthand accounts of working in Detroit, New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco during World War II. All the women stated that they were led to feel like they had to do their part for their husbands, brothers, and sons off at war. The movie showed government propaganda created to persuade women to work, such as television commercials that compared using machinery to using a sewing machine. Some women were enticed to work in war factories by their patriotisms, others by the hope of making good money. However, all struggled with long grueling days and inequality. Women were still not paid the same as the men who had previously done the same jobs. The movie â€Å"Rosie the Riveter† even states women were often better at these jobs because of their precision and small hands. There women, however, weren’t paid the same as men. African Americans have faced discrimination in the United States, based on their race for centuries. Discrimination based on race was prevalent during World War II. Race, much like gender, is a socially constructed category. Race refers to difference in human physical characteristics used to categorize a large group, in this case African Americans. â€Å"Rosie the Riveter† portrays how African American women were discriminated against in the workplace. The movie discusses how black women made less than white women doing the same job, equally well. Inequality was not just faced at the financial level. Black women were often not given as good of jobs as white women. One African American woman in the â€Å"Rosie the Riveter† discusses about how she went for a job along with three white women. The shipyard gave all three of the white women jobs and then told her that there were no more jobs left for her. Black women also faced discrimination among other female workers. The one woman in the movie discussed how a black woman was not allowed to use the showers at the factory. This was because some of the white women did not want to share a bathroom with and African American. This caused such a problem that no one was allowed to use showers anymore. Throughout World War II, the housework and the children were still seen as the women’s duty. Women were encouraged to work, but they were not excused from the housework or the children. Women were putting in long grueling days at the factories. Hey were then p utting in long grueling nights at home. Women were working twelve-hour days in the factory. They were then going home and doing all the housework, including the care of the children. One woman in â€Å"Rosie the Riveter† describes how she lived with her husband’s family. She would work all day at the factory, the same one as her brother-in-law. However, she had to come home and cook. She made dinner for everyone and then cleaned up afterwards. Her brother-in-law laid on the couch and